The Face-Negotiation Theory and Stella Ting-Toomey Essay

In the world of communication, there are many theories which describe different ways people communicate. According to Doctor Thomas Hanitzsch, an associate professor of communication at the University of Munich in Germany, â€Å"Communication Theory is an international forum publishing high quality, original research into the theoretical development of communication from across a wide array of disciplines† (â€Å"Communication Theory†). A specific communication theory that will be highlighted is the Face-Negotiation theory developed by Stella Ting-Toomey. Simply stated, Dr. Ting-Toomey suggests that conflict is a consequence of identity management on an individual and cultural level, and occurs when an individual or group’s face is threatened.†¦show more content†¦Some additional information includes, that according to â€Å"Stella Ting-Toomey’s Home on the Web,† Dr. Ting-Toomey has held major leadership roles in international communication associations and has served on more than fifteen editorial boards (â€Å"Stella†). To further explain the theory of Face-Negotiation, when Dr. Ting-Toomey suggests conflict is a consequence of identity management on an individual and cultural level, she means that culture has a significant impact in regards to identity management. One’s culture has defined ‘rules’ as to how someone is to properly interact amongst other individuals and groups, and these ‘rules’ include values, norms, beliefs and traditions. Generally, an individual would strive to adhere and follow all of their culture’s ‘rules,’ and in turn, would view another individual turning against those ‘rules’ as a threat to their overall culture or beliefs. Similarly, Dr. Ting-Toomey states that conflict can come from a clash of these ‘rules,’ a misinterpretation, or as a result of misapplying certain expectations and standards for behavio r for a given situation (Griffin â€Å"List†). The Face-Negotiation theory suggests there are three goals that any conflict will revolve around; content, relational and identity, or rather, needs, interests or goals. Based on M. Afzalur Rahim’s work, Dr. Ting-Toomey and later John Oetzel, identified eight distinct responses to conflicting situations based on an incompatibility (GriffinShow MoreRelatedFace Negotiation Theory By Stella Ting Toomey1465 Words   |  6 PagesFace-negotiation theory was developed by Stella Ting-Toomey, a professor of Speech Communication at California State University, Fullerton, who earned her Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1981. She developed the theory after being influenced by the work of Goffman, and Brown and Levinson. Ting-Toomey (1988) states an assumption of face-negotiation theory is that â€Å"people in all cultures try to maintain and negotiate face in all communication situations.† Another assumption of the theoryRead MoreThe Theory Was Introduced By Stella Ting Toomey914 Words   |  4 PagesïÆ'Ëœ The theory was introduced by Stella Ting Toomey in 1985, a professor of human communication at California State University. ïÆ'Ëœ It states about the careful and imaginative administration of passionate dissatisfactions because of social or ethnic gathering enrollment character contrasts. ïÆ'Ëœ Negotiating is the to convince people around them to the point they need. ïÆ'Ëœ Negotiation doesn’t mean arguing or creating the point we like. It’s a discussion between people creating an agreementRead MoreFace Negotiation Theory4242 Words   |  17 PagesBn Stella Ting-Toomey 2011 Face-Negotiation Theory: Research and Assessment Stella Ting-Toomey 2011 Face-Negotiation Theory: Research and Assessment Face-Negotiation Theory: Research and Assessment Roberta Beauty Redding University of Louisiana at Lafayette Professor Philip Auter CMCN 384 March 27, 2011 Face-Negotiation Theory: Research and Assessment Roberta Beauty Redding University of Louisiana at Lafayette Professor Philip Auter CMCN 384 March 27, 2011 Face-Negotiation Theory: ResearchRead MoreAn Analysis of American – Chinese Movie ‘Saving Face† by Using Face Negotiation Theory1939 Words   |  8 PagesAn analysis of American – Chinese movie ‘Saving face† by using Face Negotiation Theory Table of contents Face Negotiation Theory 2 An application of face-negotiation theory in the movie â€Å"Saving face† (2004) 3 Advantages and disadvantages of face theory 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 The term â€Å"face-negotiation theory† was first introduced by Stella Ting-Toomey, a Professor of Human Communication Studies at California State University, in 1988 based on amazing works of Goffman in 1955Read MoreJeremy Lin s Cultural Identity1961 Words   |  8 PagesAmericans; however Ting Toomey and Jackson’s identity theory’s show that this actually resulted in Lin becoming a free agent trying to renegotiate his identity by joining a different culture. The theories of Stella Ting Toomey and Ronald L. Jackson II provide relevant and important ways of looking at identity and the shifting changes in identity that will be referenced throughout this paper. These theories include contracts, the five dialectics, negotiation, and power in relation to negotiation. JacksonRead MoreThe Uncertainty Reduction Theory And The Face Negotiation Theory1756 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the course of this paper two communication theories will be reviewed and analyzed. The two theories will first be introduced, followed by comparing and contrasting the implications, assumptions and concepts of both theories. The two communication theories that have been chosen are the Uncertainty Reduction Theory and the Face Negotiation Theory. The theories were not chosen randomly, they were chosen because they both deal with how individuals perceive one another, as well as themselves, inRead MoreThe Second Hofstede Cultural Dimension Compared : Individualism Vs. Co llectivism1643 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Saving Face† is typically more prevalent than in personal interactions. In 1985, Stella Ting-Toomey† developed â€Å"Face Negotiation Theory† which explains how cultural difference in people influence their management of inevitable conflicts (â€Å"Face Negotiation Theory†). It seems logical that â€Å"Facework† is closely correlated with cultural context (Figure 3). As discussed later, the Japanese are classified as a â€Å"high-context culture† which correlates to a face-giving or face supporting culture. Face Giving

The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini - 1329 Words

As evident in The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini, Enrique s Journey by Sonia Nozario, and the The River King by Alice Hoffman, fear drives the characters to false illusions that dictate their thoughts and actions, and it s only when they escape the fear that they can see clearly. At a young age, Amir of The Kite Runner begins to grow up jealous of Hassan as he yearns for Baba s love and affection. Amir travels through his early years with Hassan by his side to protect him. However, this leads to Baba favoring Hassan because he, unlike Amir, stands up for himself (Hosseini). Amir hears this conversation between Baba and Rahim Kahn, and so Amir decides that he will change to prove that Rahim Khan had been wrong about the mean streak thing (23). Amir is determined to feel strong, and so begins his search for power. Amir finds that it is easiest to exercise his power on Hassan; Amir admits that When we came across a world he didn t know... I d tease him, expose his ignorance (28) Amir takes advantage of any way he can possibly be better than Hassan, and he uses them to suppress his insecurities. Hiding behind a false mask of slighting strength is a boy ridden with fear and cowardice as Amir loses sight of his once inseparable friendship with Hassan. Hassan is raped and Amir only runs away. This, however, only stirs turmoil within Amir, and soon Amir finds himself lying to Baba in order to protect his now somewhat manly face. He drives Hassan out of his life and neverShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively por trays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Developing Your Professional Identity Is Good For Any...

Developing your Professional Identity An effective professional identity is good for any profession, especially a counseling profession. When a person develops a professional identity it says who they are and what they stand for in that profession. It also says they know about that profession and could tell another anything they would like to know about that profession. When a person knows about there profession they can answer any questions they have about that profession. In this paper the author will discuss the difference between two of the specializations of the counseling discipline. Then this paper will discuss how to use the terms wellness, resilience, and prevention in a counseling discipline. In this paper the author will discuss how the licensure plays a role in being a counselor. This paper will also discuss the issues of, how certain associations can help ones professional identity, how to continue the professional development of counselors, and how technology can play an impact on the counseling profession. Differences in Two Counseling Specializations The first specialization this author would like to discuss is mental health counseling (MHC). MHC is a specialization that stresses: â€Å"developmental, preventive, and educational as well as remedial aspects of mental health care† (Smith Robinson, 1995, p. 158). Some also consider this profession a hybrid and it has an uncomfortable connection between the professions of psychology and educational counseling.Show MoreRelated Gender Identity and Social Structures Essay examples1293 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity and Social Structures What is meant by identity? Firstly this essay is going to explore what is meant by identity. Identity is made up of individual characteristics by which a person is known. Internal factors such as physical appearance, personality, mental ability and sex would have an effect on a person’s identity. Then there are the external factors such as family, class, religion, culture, occupation and nationality which would influence one’s identity. Then, even beyondRead MoreHow Is Gender Identity Influenced by Social Structures? Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is meant by identity? Firstly this essay is going to explore what is meant by identity. Identity is made up of individual characteristics by which a person is known. Internal factors such as physical appearance, personality, mental ability and sex would have an affect on a persons identity. Then there are the external factors such as family, class, religion, culture, occupation and nationality which would influence ones identity. Then, even beyond all these personal and social structures,Read MoreThe Military Professional Identity Is Defined Differently By The United States Naval Academy1676 Words   |  7 Pagesto become the future leaders defined as military professionals. The military professional identity is defined differently by everyone. I believe for one to embody the military professional identity, he or she has to be a leader of character and ready to defend the nation. The four years spent at the Naval Academy gives you the opportunity to develop and mold your physical, mental, and moral stature in order to embody the military professional identity that one desires or believes is right. I believeRead MoreLoyalty Within A Group Of People839 Words   |  4 Pageswho is morally wrong and keep your loyalty to them although others are ignoring their immoral misconduct? Well point in case with an excessive compliance to their leader Hitler, whom convinced Germans they were part of a new group of people, which led to the massacre of millions of innocent and Jewish people. As a consequence of their loyalty To their job and tasks at hand no matter how morally wrong they knew they were, clearly keeping their loyalty was not in good effect of that group. LoyaltyRead MoreThe Role Of Reflective Practice For A Teacher2141 Words   |  9 PagesCompetence Framework (2007:10) cites the work of Sharpe (2004) who states that, Professional knowledge is no longer viewed as just consisting of a standardised, explicit and fixed knowledge base. It is now seen as knowledge which exists in use, is ethical in its use and is changed by experience. Critically discuss the role of reflective practice in supporting this assertion. The GTCNI have argued that, â€Å"Professional knowledge, by its very nature, is organic and, to an extent, evolutionary, reflectingRead MoreThe Importance Of Teachers On The Classroom Environment1668 Words   |  7 PagesWatching what you say in front of your students is imperative if you wish to have a healthy relationship with them. In Nina Sears’ article for the National Education Association, one high-school counselor said, â€Å"Bottom line, I don t think [the use of sarcasm] is appropriate. Teachers need to remember ‘this is a student I m talking to and I need to respond to the student on a professional level’† (Sears, 2014). If you make a hateful remark in front of or to your students, it is possible that theyRead MoreHistory And Role Development Of The Nurse Practitioner4389 Words   |  18 Pagesevidence based practice approach in health management (Brown, 2005). Some of the other actions or qualities that many NPs are shown to have are authent ic listening, empathy, negotiating, going above and beyond, humanistic approach, coaching, and professional engagement (DeNisco et. al., 2016). Nurse practitioners show empathy and authentic listening and the patient is more likely to engage is a trusting relationship with the NP. The NP is able to gain a deep understanding of the root of the problemRead MoreCIPD 4DEP1461 Words   |  6 Pages1.1 The Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) was created to explain how HR adds value; it was designed by a collaboration of both specialist and generalists working in the UK and globally across private and public sectors. The HRPM was developed by the CIPD. The design of the HRPM is to be relevant and applicable to HR professionals operating anywhere in the world, all sectors and in organisations of any shape or size. It captures what skills are required for effective and successful HR. ThereRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Nursing Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is a first attempt at forming and articulating my own philosophy of nursing. Our course, Transition to Professional Nursing, is barely two weeks old and already I am being enlightened and challenged to expand my experience of nursing. I will attempt to explain my personal journey and experience thus far including how and why I got here, my beliefs about nursing and related values, and my visions for the future. The Nursing Choice Nursing came in a round-about way for me. I hadRead MorePrivacy And Security : Facebook And Snap Chat1692 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and Security in Facebook and Snap chat The uprising of Web 2.0 has contributed to a significant rise in the number of technologies designed to enable the dissemination of user-generated content. SnapChat, Facebook, any number of blogging tools—can be referred to under a number of different labels, but the generally accepted term is â€Å"social media†. While in 2016 they are anything but new, social media continues to gain prominence to the point where they are a somewhat ubiquitous presence

Women s False Assumptions About Women And Society

â€Å"We have an abundance of rape and violence against women in this country and on this Earth, though it s almost never treated as a civil rights or human rights issue, or a crisis, or even a pattern. Violence doesn t have a race, a class, a religion, or a nationality, but it does have a gender.† That was said by Rebecca Solnit, author of Men Explain Things To Me, a book regarding men’s false assumptions about women and society. Sexual violence against women is an ongoing issue facing multiple different countries around the world. Many places have done things to minimize the violence, as well as completely eliminate it from their culture, but this problem of sexual violence is extremely evident and nearly uncontrollable in Egypt especially. Egyptian women were continuously being sexually violated no matter the circumstances, after a law was passed, limiting sexual harassment, there were repercussions within the community and very little change took place. 99.3 percent of Egyptian women have been victims of sexual violence sometime throughout their life (Schultz 1). Sexual violence is an obstacle that the social community has to overcome, but is having a considerably difficult time doing so. Egypt is a country that has been socially destroyed by the acceptance and allowance of sexual violence against women. According to a 2013 study conducted by the United Nations, 99.3 percent of the studied women had experienced a form of sexual violence. 96.5 percent of those women saidShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality889 Words   |  4 PagesThe dictionary definition of feminism states that feminism is the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† However, this definition raises controversy due to a lack of preciseness. In order to achieve a precise definition, one would need to define equality because it is safe to say not all men are equal (i.e. white supremacy). The true definition of feminism, is the desire to end sexist tyranny and patriarchy. Feminists do not hate men asRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights975 Words   |  4 Pagesthey hear a person talking about feminism. It s almost as if being a feminist has now become someone who hates men and wants to establish a new kind of society. It appears that the majority people don t understand what feminism truly is, and they don t realize how it s important. Feminism is about gaining equal rights for women and allowing them to have full control over their lives. At a time when women are objectified in so many different cultures, feminism is also about empowering females. ThereforeRead MoreComposers Craft Novels in Order to Confront the Key Issues of Their Own Context. Discuss How the Authors of to Kill a Mockingbird and Montana 1948 Achieve This Purpose.1407 Words   |  6 PagesMockingbird by Harper Lee and also Montana 1948 by Larry Watson. Lee writes in the 1960s about the 1930s, and Watson writes in the 1990s about the 1940s demonstrating a time when people were persecu ted for their race, gender, religion and education. These novels are crafted to provide insight of the issues experienced in society and to enlighten society’s current perceptions. Both authors desire to educate responders about the destructive nature of prejudice that disenfranchised individuals experienced andRead MoreFeminism And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 Pagespast few decades, â€Å"feminism† has been portrayed as women who hate men and think all men are evil. True â€Å"feminists† define it as achieving equal political, economical, and social rights for women. Though more and more people are starting to realize the true meaning, its the negative assumptions that are stuck in people’s mind. The media is to blame for misguiding people because of these false accusations. Feminist still faced problems in today’s society. Many people are made to believe that problems doRead MoreDo culture and individual beliefs affect logical thin king? If so, how do they influence the conclusions we reach?1522 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on the other aspects of culture mentioned. For example a person who is a Unitarian would most likely have different beliefs about the roles of women in society than someone who is Evangelical. In this example, the individual belief concerning women was based on the code developed by the particular religion. Although religion is a very strong force in our society today, beliefs are also cultivated trough family, education, peers, and in many cases can be developed depending on the area and timeRead MoreAnalysis of Music ´s Deadly Influence by CWA (Concerned Women for America)958 Words   |  4 PagesThe CWA (or Concerned Women for America) released an article named Musics Deadly Influence in August 3, 1999. The article was released when the music industry would be at a peak in its involvement within society. The TV had channels for music, CD players and various walkmans were top selling, a nd music could be acquired anywhere including the internet. The intention of this article was to serve as a general warning to parents and various other authority figures about the music industry and itsRead MoreExample Essay of an Advertisement Deconstruction: Jergens Ultra Healing Lotion.824 Words   |  3 PagesIn terms of women and sex appeal, the world of advertising has changed a considerable amount. Many of the advertisements which are seen in newspapers, magazines, and television fail to portray women in a more positive light. The image of females in numerous advertisements are merely viewed as fascinating objects while they are also being displayed in a fashion that is supposed to appeal only to men, i.e. exploitation of the body. Though these types of advertisements are very effective at sellingRead MoreRape Culture Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"S/he asked for it!† This is a common excuse used when somebody is accused of rape. Rape culture affects many peo ple, including both women and men. Rape culture is a problem and it makes it difficult for somebody to speak out about a non- consensual sexual incident. Non- consensual sexual intercourse is rape. Sexual assault is violence, not sex. Many have spoken about their experiences with rape and rape culture. Rape culture is a culture defined as a society that normalizes rape and sexual assaultRead MoreBlack : A Black Person1199 Words   |  5 Pageswho I am. Being black especially in our country comes with a lot of assumptions and beliefs about who we are as people and what our value is to our society. More obvious assumptions are that black people are less educated than Caucasian Americans, therefore making us lower class citizens. One of the most demeaning ways that people showcase these beliefs of black Americans is through their preconceived notions about what talking black is. Their definition of talking black, meaning thatRead MoreElementary School s Gender Segregation Peeves Parents949 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinct groups according to gender may be based on the stereotype that males and females differ in terms of their ability. Therefore, the assumption of the gender differences, lead to the concept and implementation that students should be taught differently or even attend different lessons, because they have different roles in society. For example, teaching females about confidence and relationship building skills may be based on the stereotype that females are self-conscious, or that females should learn

Augustus Establishment of the Principate Free Essays

Establishment of the Principate: Booklet 1 Impact of the death of Caesar Government of Rome, under the republic: ?Senate governed Rome ?Corsus Honorum- political ladder of offices Consul Praetor Political offices voted for by public Aedile Quaestor Army services- 10 years Impact on Octavian: †¢Treated him like a son, groomed him as heir, military experience †¢Danger to O after death, assassinated for his dictatorial behaviour †¢When he found out, he didn’t go to Rome straight away (danger) wen to Italy †¢In will, O had been named heir A. H. M jones- no danger to Oct only wanted to rid Rome of Caesar †¢Return to Rome for inheritance †¢Reinforced position by raising two legions (5000 each)- veterans of retired Caesar, loyalty and closeness. We will write a custom essay sample on Augustus: Establishment of the Principate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Needs to match to C and show why C made him heir (prove himself) †¢We don’t know how he was feeling, but though that ‘a furious hatred for the murderers of his beloved†¦ great uncle’. When he was heir must have a duty of vengeance †¢Felt robbed of the hopes of a career under C patronage As Caesar’s son he commanded support from soldiers and veterans †¢Frosty reception from Antony, who denied access to C fortune. O borrowed money to pay off C bequest to the Roman people and celebrate games increase pop. †¢Filial piety = loyalty to father, family and ancestors †¢The games coinage with image of comet which confirms Caesar’s divine status made Oct ‘divus filius’ son of god Impact on Rome: †¢Upset, C was pop by Rome †¢Initially calm, C assassins expected normal government to resume. Antony and Marcus Lepidus remained untouched †¢Assassins perceived him as dictator and threat to republic. After Rome was sent into turmoil for murdered, who had no future plans and though death would lead to restorations of the republic †¢David Shotter- meant little more than the nobility would be free to resume their self- indulgent lifestyle †¢Left a power vacuum in Rome †¢Political support- situation was unstable one side there were the supporters of the conspirators against Caesar, on the other side there were Caesar’s men (M+A) who had the people and the majority of the tribunes behind them. †¢The question remained- what was to be done about murderers of Julius Caesar? Early Career of Octavian: Gaius Octavian was born on the 24th September 63BC into a wealthy and respected family †¢Mother Atia, niece of Julius Caesar †¢She later married th aristocratic L. Marcius Philippus who proved to be a good step father to Oct providing the young boy with a solid if rather old-fashioned education †¢When 11 he gave a speech at his grandmother’s, J ulia, funeral †¢Caesar was impressed with the boy’s abilities had him elected to the college of pontiffs and allowed him to take part in his African triumph when Oct was only 16 †¢He was a dedicated boy who suffered bouts of illness throughout his life. Sickness prevented him from going to Spain in 46, accompanying Caesar †¢Although he soon followed even though still not feeling well †¢Caesar was impressed and was from then made his will in favour of Oct †¢In preparation of his planning for the campaign against the Parthians, Caesar appointed Oct to his staff and sent him to Macedonia to complete his education and also receive military training †¢O took with him a friend, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who until his death in 12BC was to remain O’s loyal friend and supporter Oct attempts to secure is inheritance: †¢Didn’t know that he was heir until returning from Italy †¢Parents suggested that he shouldn’t accept but he not only accepted, but changed hi name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus †¢He now had to aims: Avenge his father’s death Prove himself worthy of such a father †¢As he moved around Italy, C veterans and friends welcomed him – he would have to be cautious to meet his ends †¢Cicero did not trust him, he wrote in a letter to Atticus; â€Å"†¦ there are too many around him. They threatened death to our friends and call the present state of affairs intolerable† †¢O received a cold and hostile welcome from his father’s friend Marc Antony when he arrived †¢Antony blocked O attempt to have his adoption legalised and would not hand over Caesar’s money †¢Oct borrowed money in order to honour father’s legacy gained him pop. and has games at his own expense †¢Antony probably didn’t perceive O as a serious political rival – Jones Octavian’s temporary collaboration with the Republicans: †¢Two broad categories: republicans and Caesarians Republicans: Brutus and Cassius left for the east to raise troops, Cicero returned to R to lead the senate against Antony Caesarians: Antony laid a siege to Brutus at Mutina, Oc rebuffed by Antony, appealed to Caesar’s veterans and seduced 2 of Antony’s legions †¢43BC Cicero decided to use Oct for a republican cause in doing so speaks favourably of him †¢Raising an army like O did was illegal, however Cicero decided to look past this Oct first consulship: †¢Defeated A in Gaul he was now an enemy (with republicans) †¢Senate tried to discard Oct O realised that now the republicans were in command, his fathers murderers that he would have to take vengeance †¢He was consulship so that allowed him to gain leading position of the Caesarion party †¢Senate and Cicero continued to reject O demands used 400 centurions to march to Gaul and demand that their commander be given the consulship †¢When this was resisted, O marched with Romeâ€⠄¢s legions †¢He was elected in 43BC with his cousin Quintus Pedius they revoked the decree outlawing Antony and legalised the adoption †¢Oct had achieved his immediate objectives Now planned to meet B+C in battle The Second Triumvirate: Members: Antony, Lepidus, Octavian Five years- length of appointment Purpose of alliance: to set the state in order and to attack the republican armies of B+C in the east Power of T: Absolute- pwers of a dictator without the name The right to nominate all magistrates in advance Territory controlled: A- Transalpine Cisalpine Gaul, L-Narbonese Gaul Spain, O- Africa, Sicily Sardinia First task undertaken: campaign of proscription ?Purpose? Confiscate estates in order to have money and land for the troops ? Destroy their enemies ?Results? ?Death of 300 senators ?Inc. death of Cicero ?Escape republicans Further activities: Julius Caesar fully deified, Lepidus appointed consul for 42, preparations made for A+O to face B+C in Macedonia Civil W ar: Battle of Philippi, 42BC: †¢After proscriptions, a campaign made to avenge murder †¢The Caesarion faction finally completes the avenging of the murder of Caesar †¢Faction found itself in control of 60 legions Path to Civil War: At first it seemed that A to control of the east. = rich in resources †¢O received Italy (heart of the empire) †¢Sextus based in Sicily Interfered with the trading in Italy – grain supplies and refuge for opponents of the the T. †¢Defeted Lucius Antonius, 41BC and Sextus Pompeius, 36BC †¢Make an example of his control †¢Argued that A was succumbing in relationship with his mistress Cleopatra †¢Republicans taken refuge with S, allowed them to return to Italy Showed the Roman virtues(merciful) †¢Claimed credit for their rehabilitation Events provided material for O propaganda †¢Undesirability of the union- A and chief victim was A wife and O’s sister, Octavia †¢Shotter says that Oâ₠¬â„¢s marriage to Livia Drusilla was â€Å"one of the most important decisions of his life† †¢Oct, leader of Caesarion faction was now the Champion of the republicans †¢The west were being prepared for a war that was not portrayed as the civil war Battle of Actium- Consequences and Significance: Significance: -O was now supreme ruler of the Roman world -Egypt added to a new province of the Roman Empire Wealth was added -Victories lead the civil wars to a decisive end -29BC O closed the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome new era of peace was brought to the empire Source 1- coin: †¢Proclaiming E has been taken †¢Croc means that -Creation of financial stability -No acceptance of exceptional honurs or powers -Use of propaganda to promote a new era of peace -No vengeance in the form of proscriptions exacted against enemies -Emphasis on interest in traditional and conservative activities -Provision of diversions and employment for the people How to cite Augustus: Establishment of the Principate, Essay examples

Style approach free essay sample

?There are various characteristics and styles of leadership; the emphasis of the style approach is the focus on the actions and behavioral characteristics of the leader. There are two behaviors of the style approach that researchers have observed, task behaviors and relationship behaviors (Northouse, 2013). People who are in roles of leadership should acquire both behaviors to be successful in their position and maintain motivation and the quest for achievement in their subordinates. Task behaviors are those traits that keep others motivated to work to complete objectives. Relationship behaviors are characteristics and actions that leaders possess that make others feel respected, understood and want to work towards a common goal. Unlike other approaches to leadership, such as the trait approach, the style approach looks at a leader’s behaviors and actions. Balancing these two behaviors is the key to being an effective leader (Northouse, 2013) In case number 4. 2 Susan Parks is a determined and diligent leader at Marathon Sports. Marathon Sports is an athletic equipment store that specializes in running shoes and accessories. She manages ten employees that are college students and work part time during the week and full time on the weekends. Marathon Sports has a huge opportunity for great growth with the store being located in a college town with a population of 125,000. According the case the store is estimated to have a fifteen percent growth each year. Susan Parks seems to have the perfect situation for a great team to be successful. Susan Parks works long hours and she performs several different jobs from sales, buyer, planner and manager. She is constantly working and never seems to take a break. The rumor is that she eats her lunch standing up. It seems that Susan Parks has all the right attributes in performance and meeting a task but she does not seem to fully posses the relationship approach to leadership. Her employees have a mixed reaction to her leadership style. Most agree she is effective and organized. Susan Parks has great communication skills and clearly explains to her staff what the task is at hand. Her staff feel accomplished at the end of the day but ultimately they do not feel much of a relationship connection with Susan Parks. Susan needs to examine the style approach. According the Northouse text â€Å"The style approach gives them a great deal of nurturance and support. The style approach gives the leader a way to look at his or her own behavior by subdividing it into two dimensions. † As we see Susan Parks has the task oriented leader. Susan Parks is an authority compliance leader. She communicates tasks with the employees but nothing beyond the task at hand. Susan is a mother and a wife and she struggles with her professional and personal balance, her fellow employees could relate better to Susan if she was more approachable and relatable. Her ‘nothing but business’ attitude makes her cold to her subordinates. Her focus is strictly on the goal and not on the people that help make achieving the goal possible. By connecting to her subordinates on a professional and personal level, it will motivate and influence her team members to work harder for her. It is important for her to adopt the Team Management approach. In chapter 4 of Northouse, Team management is explained as â€Å"a strong emphasis on both tasks and interpersonal relationships. It promotes a high degree of participation and teamwork in the organization and satisfies a basic need in employees to be involved and committed to their work. † Employee values, attitudes, and leadership behavior play a very important role in enhancing employee work motivation and performance. Employee work values, attitudes and leadership behavior can carefully be adjusted to produce a strong impact on employee work motivation. There are several ways Mrs. Parks can connect to her subordinates, by taking a break to eat lunch she can use that time to talk to her employees about their day and home life. By taking those small moments to her advantage and to learn more about what makes her employees tick and what stresses them outside of their job. Just like Susan Parks experiences trouble balancing work and home life. If her employees notice her taking a break and that there is more to her life then meeting the stores goal. If during those moments she motivates and compliments her subordinates on the hard work that they do, she will gain more of their respect and appreciation. Susan Parks could also implement a reward system or staff parties for when they achieve their goal. This way she is getting to know her staff better and rewarding them for their good work. This will make them want to work harder for her to make Marathon Sports that much more successful. Ultimately, she will have more trust for her staff to be able to take on more duties, which will allow her to take a lunch not standing and be able to balance her home and work life better. The more she motivates and connects with her subordinates the harder they will work and want to come to work. Making a positive warm environment with clear communication skills is ideal for a successful team. With a younger staff juggling school and work, is difficult to keep a committed staff, especially if they are not enjoying work. Using team building activities, reward systems and simply taking the time to ask how someone’s day is, this will boost the team morale and make coming to work more exciting. They will go home feeling accomplished and ready to come back to work and be motivated to be successful and loyal. Susan Parks has all the resources and communication skills, she just has to connect and be approachable to her employees.